I-CNC machining iyinqubo yokukhiqiza lapho isofthiwe yekhompiyutha ehlelwe ngaphambilini ibeka ukunyakaza kwamathuluzi emboni nemishini. Inqubo ingasetshenziswa ukulawula uhla lwemishini eyinkimbinkimbi, kusukela kuma-grinders nama-lathes kuya kwizigayo namarutha. Ngomshini we-CNC, imisebenzi yokusika enezinhlangothi ezintathu ingafezwa ngesethi eyodwa yokwaziswa.
Okufushane kokuthi "ukulawula izinombolo zekhompuyutha," inqubo ye-CNC isebenza ngokungafani - futhi ngaleyo ndlela ithatha isikhundla - imikhawulo yokulawula okwenziwa ngesandla, lapho opharetha ababukhoma bedingeka khona ukuze utshele futhi uqondise imiyalo yamathuluzi okwenza imishini ngezinsimbi, izinkinobho namasondo. Kumuntu obukele, isistimu ye-CNC ingase ifane nesethi evamile yezingxenye zekhompuyutha, kodwa izinhlelo zesofthiwe nama-consoles asetshenziswa emishinini ye-CNC iyayihlukanisa kuzo zonke ezinye izinhlobo zokubala.
Isebenza Kanjani Imishini Ye-CNC?
Uma uhlelo lwe-CNC lwenziwa lusebenze, ukusikeka okufunayo kuhlelwa kusofthiwe futhi kubizelwe kumathuluzi ahambisanayo nemishini, eyenza imisebenzi yobukhulu njengoba kucacisiwe, njengerobhothi.
Kuhlelo lwe-CNC, umshini wokuphehla ikhodi ngaphakathi ohlelweni lwezinombolo ngokuvamile uzothatha ukuthi izindlela azinasici, ngaphandle kokuthi kungenzeka kube namaphutha, okuba kukhulu noma nini lapho umshini we-CNC uqondiswe ukuthi usike ezindaweni ezingaphezu kweyodwa ngesikhathi esisodwa. Ukubekwa kwethuluzi kusistimu yokulawula izinombolo kuchazwa uchungechunge lokufakwayo olwaziwa ngokuthi uhlelo lwengxenye.
Ngomshini wokulawula izinombolo, izinhlelo zifakwa ngamakhadi e-punch. Ngokuphambene, izinhlelo zemishini ye-CNC zinikezwa amakhompyutha nakuba amakhibhodi amancane. Uhlelo lwe-CNC lugcinwa kumemori yekhompyutha. Ikhodi ngokwayo ibhaliwe futhi ihlelwe ngabahleli bohlelo. Ngakho-ke, amasistimu e-CNC anikeza amandla okuhlanganisa anwebeka kakhulu. Okuhle kunakho konke, amasistimu e-CNC awamile neze, njengoba ukwaziswa okusha kungangezwa ezinhlelweni ezikhona kakade ngekhodi ebuyekeziwe.
UHLELO LWE-CNC MACHINE
Ku-CNC, imishini isetshenziswa ngokulawulwa kwezinombolo, lapho uhlelo lwesofthiwe lukhethelwa ukulawula into ethile. Ulimi olusemuva komshini we-CNC lubizwa ngokuhlukile ngokuthi yi-G-code, futhi lubhalelwe ukulawula ukuziphatha okuhlukahlukene komshini ohambisanayo, njengesivinini, izinga lokuphakelayo nokuxhumana.
Ngokuyisisekelo, ukwenziwa kwemishini ye-CNC kwenza kube nokwenzeka ukuhlela kusengaphambili isivinini kanye nesimo semisebenzi yamathuluzi omshini futhi iwaqhube ngesofthiwe ngemijikelezo ephindaphindayo, ebikezelwayo, konke ngokubandakanyeka okuncane okuvela kubaqhubi babantu. Ngenxa yala makhono, le nqubo yamukelwe kuwo wonke amagumbi omkhakha wezokukhiqiza futhi ibaluleke kakhulu emikhakheni yokukhiqizwa kwensimbi nepulasitiki.
Okokuqala, umdwebo we-2D noma we-3D CAD uyaqanjwa, obese uhunyushwa kukhodi yekhompuyutha ukuze kusetshenziswe isistimu ye-CNC. Ngemuva kokuthi uhlelo selufakiwe, opharetha ulunikeza isilingo ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuthi awekho amaphutha akhona ekubhaleni ikhodi.
Vula/Ivaliwe-Iluphu Machining Systems
Ukulawula ukuma kunqunywa ngesistimu evulekile-loop noma iluphu evaliwe. Ngeyangaphambili, ukusayina kuhamba ngendlela eyodwa phakathi kwesilawuli nemoto. Ngesistimu ye-loop evaliwe, isilawuli siyakwazi ukuthola impendulo, okwenza ukulungiswa kwephutha kwenzeke. Ngakho-ke, isistimu ye-loop evaliwe ingalungisa ukungahambi kahle kwejubane nendawo.
Emishinini ye-CNC, ukunyakaza kuvame ukuqondiswa kuzo zonke izimbazo ezingu-X no-Y. Ithuluzi, lona, libekwe futhi liqondiswe ngama-stepper noma ama-servo motors, aphindaphinda ukunyakaza okuqondile njengoba kunqunywa ikhodi ye-G. Uma amandla nesivinini kukuncane, inqubo ingaqhutshwa ngesilawuli se-open-loop. Kukho konke okunye, ukulawulwa kwe-loop evaliwe kuyadingeka ukuze kuqinisekiswe isivinini, ukungaguquguquki nokunemba okudingekayo ekusetshenzisweni kwezimboni, njengokusebenza kwensimbi.
I-CNC Machining Isebenza Ngokugcwele
Ezivumelwaneni zanamuhla ze-CNC, ukukhiqizwa kwezingxenye ngesofthiwe ehlelwe ngaphambilini ngokuvamile kuyazenzakalela. Ubukhulu bengxenye ethile busethwa endaweni nge-software ye-computer-aid design (CAD) bese buguqulelwa ekubeni umkhiqizo wangempela oqediwe onesofthiwe yokukhiqiza esekelwa ikhompuyutha (CAM).
Noma yimuphi ucezu lomsebenzi onikeziwe ungadinga amathuluzi ahlukahlukene omshini, njengama-drill nama-cutters. Ukuze yanelisa lezi zidingo, imishini eminingi yanamuhla ihlanganisa imisebenzi eminingana ehlukahlukene ibe ingqamuzana elilodwa. Okunye, ukufaka kungase kuhlanganise imishini eminingana kanye nesethi yezandla zamarobhothi ezidlulisa izingxenye zisuka kolunye uhlelo ziye kolunye, kodwa ngayo yonke into elawulwa uhlelo olufanayo. Kungakhathalekile ukusetha, inqubo ye-CNC ivumela ukuvumelana ekukhiqizeni izingxenye okungaba nzima, noma kungenzeki, ukuziphindaphinda mathupha.
IZINHLOBO EZEHLUKILE ZEMISHINI YE-CNC
Imishini yokuqala yokulawula izinombolo isukela ngeminyaka yawo-1940s lapho amamotho aqala ukusetshenziswa ukulawula ukunyakaza kwamathuluzi ayevele ekhona. Njengoba ubuchwepheshe buthuthuka, izindlela zathuthukiswa ngamakhompiyutha e-analog, futhi ekugcineni ngamakhompyutha edijithali, okuholele ekwenyukeni komshini we-CNC.
Inqwaba yezikhali zanamuhla ze-CNC zi-electronic ngokuphelele. Ezinye zezinqubo ezisetshenziswa kakhulu ze-CNC zifaka ukushisela nge-ultrasonic, ukubhoboza imbobo nokusika nge-laser. Imishini esetshenziswa kakhulu ezinhlelweni ze-CNC ihlanganisa okulandelayo:
Imishini ye-CNC
Izigayo ze-CNC ziyakwazi ukusebenza ezinhlelweni ezihlanganisa izinombolo- kanye neziyalezo ezisekelwe kuhlamvu, eziqondisa izingcezu kumabanga ahlukahlukene. Uhlelo olusetshenziswa emshinini wokugaya lungase lusekelwe kukhodi ye-G noma ulimi oluthile oluhlukile olwakhiwe ithimba elikhiqizayo. Izigayo eziyisisekelo zihlanganisa isistimu ye-axis emithathu (X, Y kanye no-Z), nakuba izigayo eziningi ezintsha zingakwazi ukumumatha izimbazo ezintathu ezengeziwe.
Ama-Lathes
Emishinini ye-lathe, izingcezu zisikwa ngendlela eyindilinga ngamathuluzi anenkomba. Ngobuchwepheshe be-CNC, ukusikeka okusetshenziswa ama-lathes kwenziwa ngokunemba kanye nesivinini esikhulu. Izintambo ze-CNC zisetshenziselwa ukukhiqiza imiklamo eyinkimbinkimbi ebingeke yenzeke ezinguqulweni eziqhutshwa mathupha zomshini. Sekukonke, imisebenzi yokulawula ye-CNC-run Mills kanye nezintambo ziyefana. Njengasekuqaleni, amalebula angaqondiswa ngekhodi ye-G noma ikhodi yobunikazi eyingqayizivele. Nokho, iningi CNC lathes aqukethe izimbazo ezimbili - X kanye Z.
Ama-Plasma Cutters
Kumshini wokusika i-plasma, izinto ezibonakalayo zisikwa ngethoshi ye-plasma. Inqubo isetshenziswa kakhulu ezintweni zensimbi kodwa ingasetshenziswa nakwezinye izindawo. Ukuze kukhiqizwe isivinini nokushisa okudingekayo ukusika insimbi, i-plasma ikhiqizwa ngenhlanganisela yegesi yomoya ocindezelwe kanye nama-arcs kagesi.
Imishini yokukhipha ugesi
I-Electric-discharge machining (EDM) - okubuye kubizwe ngokuthi ukucwiliswa kwefa kanye nomshini we-spark - kuyinqubo ebumba izingcezu zokusebenza zibe yizimo ezithile ezinezinhlansi zikagesi. Nge-EDM, ukukhishwa kwamanje kwenzeka phakathi kwama-electrode amabili, futhi lokhu kususa izingxenye zesiqephu somsebenzi esinikeziwe.
Lapho isikhala phakathi kwama-electrode siba sincane, insimu kagesi iba namandla kakhulu futhi ngaleyo ndlela ibe namandla kune-dielectric. Lokhu kwenza kube lula ukuthi i-current idlule phakathi kwama-electrode amabili. Ngenxa yalokho, izingxenye zengcezu yomsebenzi zisuswa yi-electrode ngayinye. Izinhlobo ezingaphansi ze-EDM zifaka:
● I-EDM yocingo, lapho kusetshenziswa khona ukuguguleka kwenhlansi ukuze kukhishwe izingxenye zezinto ezisebenza ngogesi.
● I-EDM ye-Sinker, lapho i-electrode kanye nocezu lomsebenzi lucwiliswa ku-dielectric fluid ngenjongo yokwenza ucezu.
Enqubweni eyaziwa ngokuthi yi-flushing, imfucumfucu evela esiqeshini ngasinye esiqediwe sithwalwa yi-dielectric ewuketshezi, evela uma i-current phakathi kwama-electrode amabili imile futhi ihloselwe ukuqeda noma yiziphi ezinye izindleko zikagesi.
Ama-Jet Cutters Amanzi
Emishinini ye-CNC, amajethi amanzi angamathuluzi asika izinto eziqinile, njenge-granite nensimbi, ngokufakwa kwamanzi ngomfutho ophezulu. Kwezinye izimo, amanzi axutshwa nesihlabathi noma enye into eqinile eqhumayo. Izingxenye zomshini wefekthri zivame ukulolongwa ngale nqubo.
Amajethi amanzi asetshenziswa njengenye indlela epholile yezinto ezingakwazi ukuthwala izinqubo ezishisa kakhulu zeminye imishini ye-CNC. Ngakho-ke, amajethi amanzi asetshenziswa emikhakheni eyahlukene, njengezimboni ze-aerospace kanye nezimayini, lapho inqubo inamandla ngezinhloso zokuqopha nokusika, phakathi kweminye imisebenzi. Izisiki zejethi zamanzi nazo zisetshenziselwa izinhlelo zokusebenza ezidinga ukusikeka okuyinkimbinkimbi kwempahla, njengoba ukuntuleka kokushisa kuvimbela noma yiluphi ushintsho kuzakhiwo ze-intrinsic ezingase zibe umphumela wensimbi ekusikeni kwensimbi.
IZINHLOBO EZEHLUKILE ZEMISHINI YE-CNC
Njengoba imiboniso eminingi yevidiyo yomshini we-CNC ibonisiwe, isistimu isetshenziselwa ukwenza ukusikeka okuningiliziwe kwezingcezu zensimbi zemikhiqizo ye-hardware yezimboni. Ngaphezu kwemishini eshiwo ngenhla, amanye amathuluzi nezinto ezisetshenziswa ngaphakathi kwezinhlelo ze-CNC zihlanganisa:
● Imishini yokufekethisa
● Amarutha okhuni
● Izibhakela ze-Turret
● Imishini yokugoba izintambo
● Abasiki begwebu
● Abasiki be-laser
● Izigayi eziyi-cylindrical
● Amaphrinta e-3D
● Abasiki bengilazi
Lapho ukusikeka okuyinkimbinkimbi kudinga ukwenziwa emazingeni ahlukahlukene nama-engeli ocezu lomsebenzi, konke kungenziwa phakathi nemizuzu emshinini we-CNC. Inqobo nje uma umshini uhlelwe ngekhodi efanele, imisebenzi yomshini izofeza izinyathelo eziyalelwe yisoftware. Ukunikeza yonke into ifakwe ikhodi ngokuklama, umkhiqizo wemininingwane kanye nenani lobuchwepheshe kufanele uvele uma inqubo isiphelile.
Isikhathi sokuthumela: Jan-01-2022
