Qaphela ukuthi akuzona zonke izindlela zokwelapha ukushisa kwe-post weld ezinenzuzo

01 Ukukhetha indlela yokwelapha ukushisa

Umthelela wokwelashwa kokushisa kwangemva kokushisela emandleni aqinile kanye nomkhawulo wokukhasa wensimbi uhlobene nezinga lokushisa kanye nesikhathi sokubamba sokwelashwa kokushisa. Umthelela wokwelashwa kokushisa kwe-post-weld ekuqineni komthelela wensimbi ye-weld uyahlukahluka ngezinhlobo zensimbi ezihlukene. Ukwelashwa kokushisa kwe-post-weld ngokuvamile kusebenzisa izinga lokushisa elilodwa eliphezulu noma ukujwayela kanye nezinga lokushisa eliphezulu. Ukwelashwa kokushisa okujwayelekile kanye nokushisa okuphezulu kusetshenziselwa ukushisela igesi. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi izinhlamvu zokushisela igesi kanye nezindawo ezithinteke ukushisa ziqinile futhi zidinga ukucwengwa, ngakho-ke kusetshenziswa ukwelashwa okujwayelekile. Kodwa-ke, ukujwayelekile okukodwa akukwazi ukuqeda ukucindezeleka okusele, ngakho-ke ukushisa okuphezulu kwezinga lokushisa kuyadingeka ukuze kuqedwe ukucindezeleka. Ukushisa okukodwa okuphakathi nendawo kulungele kuphela ukushiselwa okuhlanganisiwe kweziqukathi ezinkulu zensimbi ezinekhabhoni ephansi eziqoqwe esizeni, futhi inhloso yako ukufeza ukuqedwa kwengxenye yengcindezi eyinsalela kanye ne-dehydrogenation. Ezimweni eziningi, kusetshenziswa ukushisa okukodwa okuphezulu kwezinga lokushisa. Ukushisa nokupholisa ukwelashwa kokushisa akufanele kusheshe, futhi izindonga zangaphakathi nangaphandle kufanele zifane.

02 Izindlela zokwelapha ukushisa ezisetshenziswa emikhunjini yokucindezela

Kunezinhlobo ezimbili zezindlela zokwelapha ukushisa ezisetshenziselwa izitsha zokucindezela: enye iyindlela yokushisa yokuthuthukisa izakhiwo zemishini; enye i-post-weld heat treatment (PWHT). Ngomqondo obanzi, ukwelashwa kokushisa kwe-post-weld kuyindlela yokushisa yendawo yokushisela noma izingxenye ezishiselwe ngemuva kokuthi i-workpiece ihlanganiswe. Okuqukethwe okuqondile kufaka phakathi ukuncishiswa kokunciphisa ingcindezi, ukuqeda ngokuphelele ingcindezi, isixazululo, ukujwayela, ukujwayelekile kanye nokwehlisa umoya, ukuthambisa, ukukhululeka kwengcindezi esezingeni eliphansi lokushisa, ukwelashwa kokushisa kwezulu, njll. Ngomqondo omncane, ukwelashwa kokushisa kwangemva kokushisela kubhekisela kuphela ekunciphiseni ingcindezi, okungukuthi, ukuze kuthuthukiswe ukusebenza kwendawo yokushisela futhi kuqedwe imiphumela eyingozi njengokucindezeleka kwe-welding residual, indawo yokushisela kanye nezingxenye ezihambisanayo zifana ngokufanayo futhi zishiswe ngokugcwele ngaphansi kwephuzu lokushisa lokuguqulwa kwesigaba sensimbi 2, bese lipholiswa ngokufanayo. Ezimweni eziningi, ukwelashwa kokushisa kwe-post-weld okuxoxwe ngakho kuwukwelashwa kokushisa kokucindezeleka kwangemva kwe-weld.

03Inhloso yokwelashwa kokushisa kwangemva kokushisela

1. Relax welding residual ukucindezeleka.
2. Zinzisa ukuma nobukhulu besakhiwo futhi unciphise ukuhlanekezela.
3. Ukuthuthukisa ukusebenza kwempahla engumzali namajoyinti ashiselwe, okuhlanganisa: a. Thuthukisa ipulasitiki yensimbi yokushisela. b. Yehlisa ubulukhuni bendawo ethinteke ukushisa. c. Thuthukisa ukuqina kokuphuka. d. Thuthukisa amandla okukhathala. e. Buyisela noma uthuthukise amandla okukhiqiza ancishisiwe ngesikhathi sokwakheka okubandayo.
4. Thuthukisa ikhono lokumelana nokugqwala kwengcindezi.
5. Ukukhipha okwengeziwe amagesi ayingozi ensimbi yokushisela, ikakhulukazi i-hydrogen, ukuvimbela ukwenzeka kokuqhekeka okubambezelekile.

04Isinqumo sesidingo se-PWHT

Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi umkhumbi wokucindezela udinga ukwelashwa kokushisa kwe-post-weld kufanele kucaciswe ngokucacile ekwakhiweni, futhi imininingwane yamanje yomklamo womkhumbi wengcindezi inezidingo zalokhu.
Ngemikhumbi yokucindezela ehlanganisiwe, kukhona ukucindezeleka okukhulu okusalayo endaweni yokushisela, kanye nemiphumela emibi yokucindezeleka okusalayo. Kuphela ngaphansi kwezimo ezithile zibonakaliswa. Lapho ukucindezeleka okusalayo kuhlangana ne-hydrogen ekushiseleni, kuzokhuthaza ukuqina kwendawo ethinteke ukushisa, okuholela ekuveleni kwemifantu ebandayo kanye nemifantu ebambezelekile.
Uma ingcindezi emile esele ku-weld noma ingcindezi eguquguqukayo ngesikhathi sokusebenza komthwalo kuhlanganiswa nomthelela ogqwalayo we-medium, kungase kubangele ukugqwala kwe-crack, okubizwa ngokuthi ukugqwala kwengcindezi. Ukucindezelwa kwensalela yokushisela kanye nokuqina kwesisekelo esibangelwa ukushisela kuyizici ezibalulekile esizukulwaneni sokuqhekeka kokugqwala kwengcindezi.

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Imiphumela yocwaningo ibonisa ukuthi umphumela oyinhloko wokuguqulwa nokucindezeleka okusele ezintweni zensimbi ukuguqula insimbi isuke ekugqwaleni okufanayo iye ekugqwaleni kwendawo, okungukuthi, ukugqwala kwe-intergranular noma i-transgranular. Yiqiniso, ukugqwala kwensimbi nokugqwala kwe-intergranular kokubili kwenzeka kumidiya enezici ezithile zensimbi. Ebukhoneni bengcindezi eyinsalela, imvelo yomonakalo wokugqwala ingase ishintshe kuye ngokwakheka, ukugxila kanye nezinga lokushisa lendawo edlayo, kanye nomehluko ekubunjweni, ekuhleleni, endaweni engaphezulu, esimweni sokucindezeleka, njll. kwezinto eziyisisekelo. kanye nendawo ye-weld.

Ukuthi imikhumbi yokucindezela ehlanganisiwe idinga ukwelashwa kokushisa kwangemuva kwe-weld kufanele kunqunywe ngokucabangela okuphelele kwenhloso, ubukhulu (ikakhulukazi ubukhulu bodonga), ukusebenza kwezinto ezisetshenzisiwe, nezimo zokusebenza zomkhumbi. Ukwelashwa kokushisa kwe-post-weld kufanele kucatshangelwe kunoma yiziphi izimo ezilandelayo:

1. Izimo zokusebenza ezinzima, njengemikhumbi enezindonga eziwugqinsi enengozi yokuphuka kwe-brittle emazingeni okushisa aphansi, nemikhumbi ethwala imithwalo emikhulu kanye nemithwalo eshintshanayo.

2. Imikhumbi yengcindezi eshiselwe enogqinsi oludlula umkhawulo othile. Kubandakanya ama-boilers, imikhumbi ye-petrochemical pressure, njll., enemithetho ekhethekile kanye nezici.

3. Imikhumbi yokucindezela enokuqina okuphezulu kwe-dimensional.

4. Iziqukathi ezenziwe ngensimbi ezinokuthambekela okuphezulu kokuqina.

5. Imikhumbi yokucindezela enengozi yokuqhekeka kokugqwala kwengcindezi.

6. Eminye imikhumbi yokucindezela ecaciswe yimithetho ekhethekile, imininingwane, nemidwebo.

Emikhunjini yensimbi eshiselwe ingcindezi, ukucindezeleka okusalayo okufinyelela endaweni yokukhiqiza kwakhiwa endaweni eseduze ne-weld. Isizukulwane salokhu kucindezeleka sihlobene nokuguqulwa kwesakhiwo esixutshwe ne-austenite. Abacwaningi abaningi babonisa ukuthi ukuze kuqedwe ukucindezeleka okusalayo ngemva kokushisela, ukufudumala kuma-degree angu-650 kungaba nomthelela omuhle emikhunjini yokucindezela ehlanganisiwe yensimbi.

Ngesikhathi esifanayo, kukholakala ukuthi uma ukwelashwa okufanele kokushisa kungenziwanga ngemva kokushisela, amajoyinti ashiselwe ukumelana nokugqwala awasoze atholakala.

Ngokuvamile kukholakala ukuthi ukwelashwa kokushisa kokunciphisa ingcindezi kuyinqubo lapho i-workpiece eshiselwe ishiselwa ibe ngama-degree angu-500-650 bese ipholiswa kancane kancane. Ukuncishiswa kwengcindezi kubangelwa ukunyonyoba ekushiseni okuphezulu, okuqala kusuka kumadigri angu-450 ku-carbon steel nama-degree angu-550 ensimbi ene-molybdenum.

Lapho izinga lokushisa liphakeme, kulula ukuqeda ukucindezeleka. Nokho, lapho izinga lokushisa lokuqala lensimbi selidlulile, amandla ensimbi azoncipha. Ngakho-ke, ukwelashwa kokushisa kokukhululeka kwengcindezi kufanele kube yizici ezimbili zokushisa nesikhathi, futhi akukho okubalulekile.

Kodwa-ke, ekucindezelweni kwangaphakathi kwe-weldment, ukucindezeleka okuqinile nokucindezeleka okucindezelayo kuhlala kuhambisana, futhi ukucindezeleka nokuguqulwa kwe-elastic kukhona ngesikhathi esifanayo. Lapho izinga lokushisa lensimbi likhuphuka, amandla okukhiqiza ayancipha, futhi i-deformation yokuqala yokunwebeka izoba yi-plastic deformation, okuwukuphumula kwengcindezi.

Ukuphakama kokushisa kokushisa, kuqeda ukucindezeleka kwangaphakathi okuphelele. Kodwa-ke, lapho izinga lokushisa liphezulu kakhulu, indawo yensimbi izokhishwa i-oxidized kakhulu. Ukwengeza, izinga lokushisa le-PWHT lensimbi ecishiwe nethambile, isimiso akufanele sidlule izinga lokushisa lokuqala lensimbi, ngokuvamile elingaphansi kwama-degrees angu-30 kunokushisa kokuqala kwensimbi, ngaphandle kwalokho impahla izolahlekelwa ukucisha futhi. umphumela wokuthukuthela, futhi amandla nokuqina kokuphuka kuzoncishiswa. Leli phuzu kufanele linikezwe ukunakwa okukhethekile kubasebenzi bokwelapha ukushisa.

Ukuphakama kwezinga lokushisa lokwelashwa kwangemuva kokushisela ukuze kuqedwe ingcindezi yangaphakathi, likhulu izinga lokuthambisa lensimbi. Ngokuvamile, ukucindezeleka kwangaphakathi kungaqedwa ngokushisa ukushisa kwe-recrystallization yensimbi. Izinga lokushisa le-recrystallization lihlobene eduze nezinga lokushisa lokuncibilika. Ngokuvamile, izinga lokushisa elincibilikayo K=0.4X (K). Ukusondelana kwezinga lokushisa lokwelapha ukushisa kumazinga okushisa ecrystallization, kuphumelela kakhulu ekuqedeni ukucindezeleka okusele.

04 Ukucutshungulwa komphumela ophelele we-PWHT

Ukwelashwa kokushisa kwe-post-weld akuzuzisi ngokuphelele. Ngokuvamile, ukwelashwa kokushisa kwe-post-weld kulungele ukukhulula ingcindezi esele futhi kwenziwa kuphela uma kunezidingo eziqinile zokugqwala kwengcindezi. Kodwa-ke, ukuhlolwa kokuqina komthelela kwezifanekiso kubonise ukuthi ukwelashwa kokushisa kwangemva kokushiselwa kwakungasizi ekuthuthukiseni ukuqina kwensimbi ediphozithiwe nendawo ethinteke ukushisa, futhi ngezinye izikhathi ukuqhekeka kwe-intergranular kungase kwenzeke phakathi kwebanga lokuguga lokusanhlamvu labathinteke ukushisa. indawo.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-PWHT incike ekwehlisweni kwamandla ezinto ezibonakalayo emazingeni okushisa aphezulu ukuze kuqedwe ingcindezi. Ngakho-ke, ngesikhathi se-PWHT, isakhiwo singase silahlekelwe ukuqina. Kuzakhiwo ezamukela i-PWHT iyonke noma ingxenye, amandla okusekela okushisela emazingeni okushisa aphezulu kufanele acatshangelwe ngaphambi kokwelashwa kokushisa.

Ngakho-ke, uma kucatshangelwa ukuthi kwenziwa yini ukwelashwa kokushisa kwe-post-weld, izinzuzo kanye nokubi kokwelashwa kokushisa kufanele kuqhathaniswe ngokuphelele. Ngokombono wokusebenza kwesakhiwo, kukhona uhlangothi oluthuthukisa ukusebenza kanye nohlangothi olunciphisa ukusebenza. Isinqumo esiphusile kufanele senziwe sisekelwe emsebenzini oyisisekelo wokucutshungulwa ngokuphelele kwazo zombili izici.