Ukusetshenziswa kwe-nitrogen ezimbonini ezahlukahlukene
1. Ukusetshenziswa kwe-nitrogen
I-nitrogen iyigesi engenambala, engenabuthi, engenaphunga. Ngakho-ke, i-nitrogen yegesi iye yasetshenziswa kabanzi njengegesi yokuvikela. I-nitrogen ewuketshezi isetshenziswe kakhulu njengendawo yokuqandisa engathintana nomoya. Iyigesi ebaluleke kakhulu. , okunye ukusetshenziswa okujwayelekile kungokulandelayo:
1. Ukucutshungulwa kwensimbi: Umthombo wegesi ye-nitrogen yokwelapha ukushisa okufana nokucisha okukhanyayo, i-annealing ekhanyayo, i-nitriding, i-nitrocarburizing, i-carbonization ethambile, njll.; igesi evikelayo ngesikhathi sokushisela kanye nezinqubo ze-powder metallurgy sintering, njll.
2. Ukwenziwa kwamakhemikhali: I-nitrogen isetshenziswa kakhulu ekuhlanganiseni i-ammonia. Ifomula yokusabela ithi N2+3H2=2NH3 (izimo ukucindezela okuphezulu, izinga lokushisa eliphezulu, kanye ne-catalyst. Ukusabela ukusabela okubuyisela emuva) noma i-synthetic fiber (inayiloni, i-acrylic), i-synthetic resin, irabha yokwenziwa, njll. izinto zokusetshenziswa ezibalulekile. I-nitrogen iwumsoco ongasetshenziswa futhi ukwenza umanyolo. Isibonelo: i-ammonium bicarbonate NH4HCO3, i-ammonium chloride NH4Cl, i-ammonium nitrate NH4NO3, njll.
3. Imboni yezogesi: Umthombo we-nitrogen wokucubungula amasekhethi amakhulu ahlanganisiwe, amashubhu ezithombe ze-TV ezinombala, izingxenye zethelevishini nezomsakazo kanye nezingxenye ze-semiconductor.
4. Imboni ye-Metallurgical: igesi evikelayo yokusakazwa okuqhubekayo, ukugingqika okuqhubekayo kanye nokufakwa kwensimbi; i-nitrogen ehlangene evuthela phezulu nangaphansi kwesiguquli sokwenza insimbi, ukuvala ukwakhiwa kwensimbi kwesiguquli, ukuvala indawo yesithando somlilo esiqhumisa phezulu, igesi yomjovo wamalahle okhihliziwe wokwenza insimbi yesithando esishisayo, njll.
5. Ukugcinwa kokudla: isitoreji esigcwele i-nitrogen nokugcinwa kokusanhlamvu, izithelo, imifino, njll; ukupakishwa okugcwele i-nitrogen kwenyama, ushizi, isinaphi, itiye nekhofi, njll.; ukulondolozwa okugcwele i-nitrogen nokuphelelwa umoya-mpilo kwamajusi wezithelo, amafutha aluhlaza namajamu, njll.; Ukuhlanzwa kwewayini okuhlukahlukene okufana nebhodlela kanye nokumbozwa, njll.
6. Imboni yemithi: Isitoreji esigcwele i-nitrogen nokulondolozwa kwemithi yendabuko yamaShayina (njenge-ginseng); Imijovo egcwele i-nitrogen yemithi yaseNtshonalanga; Isitoreji esigcwele i-nitrogen neziqukathi; Umthombo wegesi wokuthuthwa kwemithi ngomoya, njll.
7. Imboni yamakhemikhali: igesi evikelayo esikhundleni, ukuhlanza, ukuvala, ukutholwa kokuvuza, ukucisha i-coke eyomile; igesi esetshenziselwa ukuvuselelwa kabusha kwe-catalyst, i-petroleum fractionation, ukukhiqizwa kwe-chemical fiber, njll.
8. Imboni kamanyolo: izinto zokusetshenziswa zikamanyolo wenitrogen; igesi yokushintshwa, ukuvala, ukuwasha, nokuvikela i-catalyst.
9. Imboni yePlastiki: ukudluliswa kwe-pneumatic yezinhlayiya zepulasitiki; i-anti-oxidation ekukhiqizeni nasekugcinweni kwepulasitiki, njll.
10. Imboni yenjoloba: ukupakishwa nokugcinwa kwerabha; ukukhiqizwa kwamasondo, njll.
11. Imboni yengilazi: igesi evikelayo ekukhiqizeni ingilazi entantayo.
12. Imboni kaphethiloli: ukushaja i-nitrogen nokuhlanzwa kwendawo yokugcina, iziqukathi, imibhoshongo eqhekekayo eyi-catalytic, amapayipi, njll.; ukuhlolwa kokuvuza komfutho womoya wezinhlelo zamapayipi, njll.
13. Ukuthuthukiswa kwamafutha olwandle; ukumbozwa kwegesi kwamapulatifomu ekukhishweni kukawoyela phesheya kwezilwandle, umjovo wokucindezela we-nitrogen ukuze kukhishwe uwoyela, ukucwiliswa kwamathangi okugcina, iziqukathi, njll.
14. Ukugcinwa Kwempahla: Ukuze uvimbele izinto ezivuthayo ezisezinqolobaneni nasezindaweni zokugcina impahla ukuba zingashi futhi ziqhume, zigcwalise nge-nitrogen.
15. Izinto zokuhamba zasolwandle: igesi esetshenziselwa ukuhlanza nokuvikela amathangi.
16. Ubuchwepheshe be-Aerospace: i-rocket fuel booster, igesi yokufaka esikhundleni sephedi kanye negesi yokuvikela ukuphepha, igesi yokulawula i-astronaut, igumbi lokulingisa emkhathini, ukuhlanza igesi yamapayipi amafutha endiza, njll.
17. Ukusetshenziswa ezimbonini zikawoyela, igesi, kanye nezimayini zamalahle: Ukugcwalisa uwoyela nge-nitrogen akukwazi nje ukwandisa umfutho emthonjeni futhi kwandise ukukhiqizwa kukawoyela, kodwa i-nitrogen ingasetshenziswa futhi njengomcamelo ekulinganisweni kwamapayipi okubhola. , ukugwema ngokuphelele ukucindezela kodaka emthonjeni. Amathuba okuchoboza ikholomu yeshubhu engezansi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-nitrogen iphinde isetshenziswe emisebenzini ye-downhole efana ne-acidification, i-fracturing, i-hydraulic blowholes, kanye nokusetha kwe-hydraulic packer. Ukugcwalisa igesi yemvelo nge-nitrogen kunganciphisa inani lekhalori. Lapho kushintsha amapayipi ngowoyela ongahluziwe, inayithrojeni ewuketshezi ingasetshenziselwa ukushisa nokujova izinto emikhawulweni yomibili ukuze iqine futhi ivalwe.
18. Abanye:
A. Amapende kanye nama-coatings agcwele i-nitrogen ne-oxygen ukuze kuvinjelwe i-polymerization yokomisa kwamafutha; amathangi okugcina uwoyela negesi yemvelo, iziqukathi, namapayipi okuthutha agcwaliswa nge-nitrogen nomoya-mpilo, njll.
B. Amathayi emoto
(1) Thuthukisa ukuzinza nokunethezeka kokushayela amathayi
I-nitrogen iyigesi ye-diatomic ecishe ibe ne-inert enezindawo zamakhemikhali ezingasebenzi ngokwedlulele. Ama-molecule egesi makhulu kunama-oxygen molecule, awathambekele ekwandeni nokufinyela okushisayo, futhi anobubanzi obuncane bokuguga. Izinga layo lokungena onqenqemeni lwesondo lihamba kancane ngo-30 kuya ku-40% kunelomoya, futhi lingakwazi ukugcina Ukuzinzisa umfutho wesondo, ukuthuthukisa ukuzinza kokushayela amathayi, nokuqinisekisa ukunethezeka kokushayela; I-nitrogen ine-conductivity yomsindo ephansi, okulingana ne-1/5 yomoya ojwayelekile. Ukusebenzisa i-nitrogen kunganciphisa ngempumelelo umsindo wesondo futhi kuthuthukise ukuthula kokushayela.
(2) Vimbela ukuqhunyiswa kwamasondo nokuphuma komoya
Amathayi aqhumile ayimbangela yokuqala yezingozi zomgwaqo. Ngokwezibalo, u-46% wezingozi zomgwaqo emigwaqeni emikhulu zidalwa ukungasebenzi kwamasondo, okukhona kuwo ukuqhunyiswa kwamathayi ezingozini ezingama-70%. Uma imoto ishayela, izinga lokushisa lesondo lizokhuphuka ngenxa yokungqubuzana nomhlabathi. Ikakhulukazi lapho ushayela ngesivinini esikhulu kanye nokubhuleka okuphuthumayo, izinga lokushisa legesi ethayini lizokhuphuka ngokushesha futhi umfutho wesondo uzokhuphuka kakhulu, ngakho-ke kukhona ithuba lokuqhuma kwesondo. Amazinga okushisa aphezulu abangela ukuba irabha yesondo iguge, inciphise amandla okukhathala, futhi ibangele ukuguga okukhulu, okuyisici esibalulekile ekuqhumeni kwamathayi okungenzeka. Uma kuqhathaniswa nomoya ovamile onomfutho ophezulu, i-nitrogen ehlanzekile ayinawo umoya-mpilo futhi ayinawo amanzi noma uwoyela. Ine-coefficient ephansi yokwandisa okushisayo, ukuqhutshwa kokushisa okuphansi, ukukhuphuka kwezinga lokushisa okuhamba kancane, okunciphisa isivinini sokunqwabelana kokushisa kwesondo, futhi akushi futhi akusekeli ukuvutha. , ngakho-ke ithuba lokuqhuma kwesondo lingancishiswa kakhulu.
(3) Nweba impilo yesevisi yamasondo
Ngemva kokusebenzisa i-nitrogen, ukucindezela kwesondo kuzinzile futhi ukuguqulwa kwevolumu kuncane, okunciphisa kakhulu ukuthi kungenzeka ukungqubuzana kwesondo okungavamile, njengokugqoka umqhele, ukugqoka kwamahlombe amathayi, nokugqoka kwe-eccentric, futhi kwandisa impilo yesevisi yesondo; ukuguga kwenjoloba kuthinteka ama-molecule e-oksijini emoyeni Ngenxa ye-oxidation, amandla ayo kanye nokuqina kwayo kuncipha ngemva kokuguga, futhi kuzoba nemifantu. Lesi ngesinye sezizathu zokunciphisa impilo yesevisi yamasondo. Idivaysi yokuhlukanisa i-nitrogen ingaqeda umoya-mpilo, isulfure, uwoyela, amanzi nokunye ukungcola emoyeni ngezinga elikhulu kakhulu, inciphise ngempumelelo i-oxidation degree yethayi langaphakathi kanye nokugqwala kwerabha, futhi ngeke kugqwese umugqa wensimbi, kunwebe impilo yesondo. . Impilo yesevisi ibuye inciphise kakhulu ukugqwala kwerimu.
(4) Yehlisa ukusetshenziswa kukaphethiloli futhi uvikele imvelo
Ukucindezela kwesondo okunganele kanye nokwenyuka kokumelana nokugingqika ngemva kokushisisa kuzodala ukwanda kokusetshenziswa kukaphethiloli lapho ushayela. I-nitrogen, ngaphezu kokugcina umfutho wesondo ozinzile kanye nokubambezeleka kokunciphisa ukucindezela kwesondo, yomile, ayinawo amafutha noma amanzi, futhi ine-conductivity ephansi yokushisa. , isici sokushisa kancane sinciphisa izinga lokushisa lapho isondo ligijima, futhi i-deformation yesondo incane, ukubamba kuyathuthukiswa, njll., futhi ukumelana nokugoqa kuyancipha, ngaleyo ndlela kufezeke injongo yokunciphisa ukusetshenziswa kukaphethiloli.
2. Ukusetshenziswa kokuqandisa kwe-nitrogen okuwuketshezi
1. Umuthi we-Cryogenic: ukuhlinzwa, ukwelashwa kwe-cryogenic, isiqandisi segazi, ukuqandisa izidakamizwa nokuchotshozwa kwe-cryogenic, njll.
2. I-Bioengineering: i-cryopreservation kanye nokuthuthwa kwezitshalo eziyigugu, amaseli ezitshalo, i-germplasm yofuzo, njll.
3. Ukucubungula insimbi: ukwelashwa okuqandisiwe kwensimbi, ukugoba okufriziwe okufriziwe, ukukhishwa nokugaya, njll.
4. Ukucubungula ukudla: imishini yokuqandisa esheshayo, ukuqandisa ukudla kanye nokuthutha, njll.
5. Ubuchwepheshe be-Aerospace: amadivaysi okuqalisa, imithombo ebandayo yamagumbi okulingisa isikhala, njll.
3. Ngokuthuthuka kwesayensi nobuchwepheshe kanye nokuthuthukiswa kokwakhiwa komnotho, uhla lokusetshenziswa kwe-nitrogen luye lwaba banzi futhi selungene emikhakheni eminingi yezimboni nasezindaweni zokuphila kwansuku zonke.
1. Ukufakwa ekwelashweni kokushisa kwensimbi: Ukwelashwa kokushisa okusekelwe kwi-nitrogen emkhathini ngephunga le-nitrogen njengengxenye eyisisekelo kuwubuchwepheshe obusha kanye nenqubo yokonga amandla, ukuphepha, ukungangcolisi imvelo kanye nokusetshenziswa ngokugcwele kwemithombo yemvelo. Kubonisiwe ukuthi cishe zonke izinqubo zokwelashwa kokushisa, okuhlanganisa ukucisha, ukufakwa kwe-annealing, i-carburizing, i-carbonitriding, i-nitriding ethambile kanye ne-recarburization, ingaqedwa ngokusebenzisa umoya wegesi osekelwe ku-nitrogen. Ikhwalithi yezingxenye zensimbi ezilashwayo ingafaniswa neyokuqhathaniswa nemithi yokwelapha yendabuko ye-endothermic. Eminyakeni yamuva nje, ukuthuthukiswa, ucwaningo kanye nokusetshenziswa kwale nqubo entsha ekhaya nakwamanye amazwe kusezingeni eliphezulu futhi kuzuze imiphumela enezithelo.
2. Ukusetshenziswa embonini ye-elekthronikhi: Enqubweni yokukhiqiza yezingxenye ze-elekthronikhi nezingxenye ze-semiconductor, i-nitrogen enobumsulwa obungaphezu kuka-99.999% idinga ukusetshenziswa njengegesi evikelayo. Njengamanje, izwe lami lisebenzise i-nitrogen ehlanzekile njengegesi ethwala kanye negesi evikelayo ezinqubweni zokukhiqiza zamashubhu ezithombe ze-TV enombala, amasekhethi amakhulu ahlanganisiwe, amakristalu awuketshezi namawafa e-silicon e-semiconductor.
3. Ukusetshenziswa kunqubo yokukhiqiza i-fiber yamakhemikhali: I-nitrogen ene-high-purity ivame ukusetshenziswa njengegesi evikelayo ekukhiqizeni i-fiber yamakhemikhali ukuvimbela imikhiqizo ye-fiber yamakhemikhali ukuthi ifakwe i-oxid ngesikhathi sokukhiqiza futhi ithinte umbala. Ukuphakama kokuhlanzeka kwe-nitrogen, umbala wemikhiqizo yefiber yamakhemikhali muhle kakhulu. Namuhla, amanye amafekthri amasha e-chemical fiber ezweni lami afakwe imishini ye-nitrogen ehlanzekile kakhulu.
4. Isicelo endaweni yokugcina nokulondolozwa: Njengamanje, indlela yokuvala izinqolobane, ukugcwalisa i-nitrogen nokukhipha umoya isetshenziswe kakhulu emazweni angaphandle ukugcina okusanhlamvu. Izwe lethu liphinde layihlola ngempumelelo le ndlela futhi langena esigabeni sokukhushulwa okusebenzayo nokusetshenziswa. Ukusebenzisa i-nitrogen exhaust ukuze ugcine okusanhlamvu okufana nerayisi, ukolweni, ibhali, ummbila nelayisi kungavimbela izinambuzane, ukushisa, nokukhunta, ukuze zigcinwe zisezingeni elihle ehlobo. Le ndlela iwukuba uvale ngokuqinile okusanhlamvu ngendwangu yepulasitiki, uqale uyikhiphe endaweni ephansi ye-vacuum, bese uyigcwalisa nge-nitrogen ngokuhlanzeka okungaba ngu-98% kuze kube yilapho izingcindezi zangaphakathi nangaphandle zilingana. Lokhu kungancisha inqwaba yokusanhlamvu umoya-mpilo, kunciphise amandla okuphefumula okusanhlamvu, futhi kuvimbele ukuzala kwama-microorganisms. Zonke iziqhumane zizofa ngenxa yokuntuleka komoyampilo phakathi kwamahora angama-36. Le ndlela yokunciphisa umoya-mpilo kanye nokubulala izinambuzane ayigcini nje ngokusindisa imali eningi (cishe iphesenti elilodwa lezindleko zokufuthwa ngezidakamizwa ezinobuthi obuphezulu njenge-zinc phosphide), kodwa futhi igcina ubusha kanye nenani lokudla okunomsoco futhi ivimbele ukutheleleka ngamagciwane. kanye nokungcoliswa kwezidakamizwa.
Ukugcinwa okugcwele i-nitrogen nokulondolozwa kwezithelo, imifino, itiye, njll. nakho kuyindlela ehamba phambili kakhulu. Le ndlela inganciphisa i-metabolism yezithelo, imifino, amaqabunga, njll endaweni ephakeme ye-nitrogen ne-oxygen ephansi, njengokungathi ingena esimweni sokulala, ivimbela ngemva kokuvuthwa, futhi ngaleyo ndlela igcine ihlanzekile isikhathi eside. Ngokusho kokuhlolwa, ama-apula agcinwe ne-nitrogen asacwebile futhi amnandi ngemva kwezinyanga ezingu-8, futhi izindleko zokulondoloza ama-apula ngekhilogremu cishe yi-1 dime. Isitoreji esigcwele i-nitrogen singanciphisa kakhulu ukulahleka kwezithelo ngenkathi ephakeme kakhulu, siqinisekise ukuhlinzekwa kwezithelo emakethe yesizini engasebenzi, sithuthukise ikhwalithi yezithelo ezithunyelwa kwamanye amazwe, futhi andise imali engenayo yokushintshaniswa kwamanye amazwe.
Itiye liyacocwa futhi ligcwaliswe i-nitrogen, okungukuthi, itiye lifakwa esikhwameni se-aluminium-platinum enezingqimba ezimbili (noma i-nylon polyethylene-aluminium composite foil), kukhishwa umoya, i-nitrogen ijovwe, futhi isikhwama sivalwe. Ngemuva konyaka owodwa, ikhwalithi yetiye izoba yintsha, isobho setiye sizobe sicacile futhi sigqamile, futhi ukunambitheka kuyoba okuhlanzekile futhi okumnandi. Ngokusobala, ukusebenzisa le ndlela ukugcina itiye elisha kungcono kakhulu kunokupakisha kwe-vacuum noma ukupakisha okuqandayo.
Njengamanje, ukudla okuningi kusapakishwa ku-vacuum noma kufakwe eqandisiwe. Ukupakishwa kwe-vacuum kujwayele ukuvuza komoya, futhi ukupakishwa okuqandisiwe kujwayele ukuwohloka. Awekho kuwo amahle njengokufakwa kwe-vacuum nitrogen egcwele.
5. Isicelo kubuchwepheshe be-aerospace
Umkhathi uyabanda, umnyama futhi usendaweni engenalutho ephakeme. Lapho abantu beya ezulwini, kufanele baqale benze izivivinyo zokulingisa zasemkhathini phansi. I-nitrogen ewuketshezi ne-helium ewuketshezi kufanele kusetshenziselwe ukulingisa indawo. Amakamelo okulingisa emkhathini amakhulu e-United States asebenzisa i-300,000 cubic metres yegesi ye-nitrogen ngenyanga ukuze enze izivivinyo zokulingisa zomhubhe womoya ngezinga elikhulu. Ku-rocket, ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukusebenza okuphephile kwe-hydrogen enguketshezi oluwuketshezi oluqhumayo kanye neziqhumane, izicisha-mlilo ezine-nitrogen zifakwa ezindaweni ezifanele. I-nitrogen ye-high-pressure iphinde ibe igesi yokuphakela ingcindezi kuphethiloli werokhethi (i-liquid hydrogen-liquid oxygen) kanye negesi yokuhlanza yepayipi elivuthayo.
Ngaphambi kokuba indiza isuke noma ngemva kokuhlala phansi, ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuphepha nokuvimbela ingozi yokuqhuma ekamelweni elivuthayo lenjini, ngokuvamile kuyadingeka ukuhlanza igumbi elivuthayo lenjini nge-nitrogen.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-nitrogen nayo isetshenziswa njengegesi evikelayo kuma-athomu.
Ngamafuphi, i-nitrogen iya ngokuya ithandwa mayelana nokuvikelwa kanye nomshuwalense. Isidingo se-nitrogen siyakhula ngokuthuthuka nokugcizelela kwemboni. Ngokuthuthuka okusheshayo kokwakhiwa komnotho wezwe lami, inani le-nitrogen elisetshenziswa ezweni lami nalo lizokhula ngokushesha.
Isikhathi sokuthumela: Feb-27-2024
