UCarl Scheele, isazi samakhemikhali saseSweden, noDaniel Rutherford, isazi sezitshalo saseScotland, bathola i-nitrogen ngokwehlukana ngo-1772. Umfundisi uCavendish noLavoisier nabo bathola i-nitrogen ngokuzimela cishe ngesikhathi esifanayo. I-Nitrojeni yaqala ukubonwa njengesakhi ngu-Lavoisier, owayiqamba ngokuthi "azo", okusho ukuthi "ayiphili". I-Chaptal yaqamba i-element nitrogen ngo-1790. Igama lisuselwa egameni lesiGreki elithi "nitre" (i-nitrate equkethe i-nitrogen ku-nitrate)
Imithombo ye-nitrogen
I-nitrogen iyisici sama-30 esitholakala kakhulu emhlabeni. Uma kubhekwa ukuthi i-nitrogen yenza u-4/5 womthamo womkhathi, noma ngaphezulu kuka-78%, cishe sinamanani angenamkhawulo we-nitrogen atholakalayo kithi. I-nitrojeni nayo ikhona ngendlela ye-nitrate kumaminerali ahlukahlukene, njenge-saltpeter yase-Chile (i-nitrate ye-sodium), i-saltpeter noma i-nitre (i-potassium nitrate), namaminerali aqukethe usawoti we-ammonium. I-nitrogen ikhona kuma-molecule amaningi ezinto eziphilayo, okuhlanganisa amaprotheni nama-amino acid akhona kuzo zonke izinto eziphilayo.
Izici ezingokomzimba
I-nitrogen N2 iyigesi engenambala, ayinambitheki, futhi engenaphunga ezingeni lokushisa lasekamelweni, futhi ngokuvamile ayinabo ubuthi. Ukuminyana kwegesi ngaphansi kwezimo ezijwayelekile ngu-1.25g/L. I-nitrogen yenza u-78.12% womkhathi ophelele (ingxenye yevolumu) futhi iyisakhi esiyinhloko somoya. Kukhona cishe amathani angama-400 wezigidigidi zegesi emkhathini.
Ngaphansi komfutho womoya ojwayelekile, lapho upholiswe kufika ku -195.8℃, uba uketshezi olungenambala. Uma ipholile kufika ku -209.86 ℃, i-nitrogen ewuketshezi iba into efana neqhwa.
I-nitrogen ayishi futhi ithathwa njengegesi ephefumulayo (okungukuthi, ukuphefumula i-nitrogen ehlanzekile kuncisha umzimba womuntu umoya-mpilo). I-nitrogen inokuncibilika okuphansi kakhulu emanzini. Ku-283K, umthamo owodwa wamanzi ungancibilika cishe amavolumu angu-0.02 we-N2.
Izakhiwo zamakhemikhali
I-nitrogen inezakhiwo zamakhemikhali ezinzile kakhulu. Kunzima ukusabela nezinye izinto ezingeni lokushisa lasekamelweni, kodwa ingabhekana noshintsho lwamakhemikhali ngezinto ezithile ngaphansi kwezinga lokushisa eliphezulu nezimo eziphezulu zamandla, futhi ingasetshenziswa ukukhiqiza izinto ezintsha eziwusizo kubantu.
Ifomula ye-molecular orbital yama-molecule e-nitrogen ithi KK σs2 σs*2 σp2 σp*2 πp2. Amapheya amathathu ama-electron afaka isandla ekuxhumaneni, okungukuthi, amabhondi amabili ka-π kanye nesibopho esisodwa sika-σ kwakheka. Awukho umnikelo ekubopheni, futhi amandla okuhlanganisa nawokulwa nokubopha acishe acishe, futhi alingana namapheya e-electron eyodwa. Njengoba kunesibopho esiphindwe kathathu i-N≡N ku-molecule ye-N2, i-molecule ye-N2 inokuqina okukhulu, futhi kuthatha u-941.69 kJ/mol wamandla ukuyibolisa ibe ama-athomu. I-molecule ye-N2 iyisimeme kunawo wonke ama-diatomic molecule awaziwayo, futhi isisindo samangqamuzana esihlobene se-nitrogen singama-28. Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-nitrogen akulula ukuyishisa futhi ayisekeli ukuvutha.
Indlela yokuhlola
Faka i-Mg bar evuthayo ebhodleleni lokuqoqa igesi eligcwele i-nitrogen, futhi i-Mg bar izoqhubeka nokuvutha. Khipha umlotha osele (impushana ephuzi kancane Mg3N2), engeza amanzi amancane, bese ukhiqiza igesi (ammonia) eguqula iphepha elimanzi le-litmus libe luhlaza okwesibhakabhaka. Izibalo zokusabela: 3Mg + N2 = ukuthungela = Mg3N2 (magnesium nitride); I-Mg3N2 + 6H2O = 3Mg (OH) 2 + 2NH3↑
Izici zokubopha kanye nesakhiwo sebhondi ye-valence ye-nitrogen
Ngenxa yokuthi into eyodwa i-N2 izinzile ngokwedlulele ngaphansi kwezimo ezijwayelekile, abantu bavame ukukholelwa ngephutha ukuthi i-nitrogen iyinto engasebenzi ngamakhemikhali. Eqinisweni, ngokuphambene nalokho, i-nitrogen eyisisekelo inomsebenzi wamakhemikhali aphezulu. I-electronegativity ye-N (3.04) ingeyesibili kuphela ku-F no-O, okubonisa ukuthi ingakha izibopho eziqinile nezinye izakhi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuzinza kwe-molecule ye-N2 yento eyodwa kubonisa umsebenzi we-athomu engu-N. Inkinga ukuthi abantu abakazitholi izimo ezifanele zokuvula ama-molecule e-N2 ekamelweni lokushisa nokucindezela. Kodwa emvelweni, amanye amagciwane kumaqhuqhuva ezitshalo angaguqula i-N2 emoyeni ibe izinhlanganisela ze-nitrogen ngaphansi kwezimo eziphansi zamandla ekushiseni okujwayelekile nokucindezela, futhi ayisebenzise njengomanyolo ekukhuleni kwezitshalo.
Ngakho-ke, ucwaningo lokulungiswa kwe-nitrogen bekulokhu kuyisihloko esibalulekile socwaningo lwesayensi. Ngakho-ke, kuyadingeka ukuthi siqonde izici zokubopha kanye nesakhiwo sebhondi ye-valence ye-nitrogen ngokuningiliziwe.
Uhlobo lwebhondi
Isakhiwo se-valence electron layer ye-athomu engu-N yi-2s2p3, okungukuthi, kukhona ama-electron angu-3 angashadile kanye namapheya ama-electron awodwa. Ngokusekelwe kulokhu, lapho kwakhiwa ama-compounds, izinhlobo ezintathu zebhondi ezilandelayo zingakhiqizwa:
1. Ukwakha amabhondi e-ionic 2. Ukwakha amabhondi avumelanayo 3. Ukwakha amabhondi okuxhumana
1. Ukwakha amabhondi e-ionic
Ama-athomu angu-N ane-electronegativity ephezulu (3.04). Uma benza ama-nitrides kanambambili ngezinsimbi ezine-electronegativity ephansi, njenge-Li (electronegativity 0.98), Ca (electronegativity 1.00), kanye ne-Mg (electronegativity 1.31), angathola ama-electron angu-3 futhi enze ama-N3- ions. I-N2+ 6 Li == 2 Li3N N2+ 3 Ca == Ca3N2 N2+ 3 Mg =ignite= Mg3N2 N3- ama-ion aneshaje ephezulu enegethivu kanye nerediyasi enkulu (171pm). Azofakwa nge-hydrolyzed kakhulu lapho ehlangana nama-molecule wamanzi. Ngakho-ke, ama-ionic compounds angaba khona kuphela esimweni esomile, futhi ngeke kube khona ama-ion hydrated we-N3-.
2. Ukwakhiwa kwamabhondi e-covalent
Lapho ama-athomu angu-N enza amakhompiyutha anezinsimbi ezingezona izinsimbi ezinogesi ophezulu, amabhondi alandelayo ayakhiwa:
⑴N ama-athomu athatha isimo sokuhlanganisa se-sp3, enze amabhondi amathathu ahlangene, agcine ipheya yamapheya e-electron eyodwa, futhi ukumiswa kwemolekyuli kuyi-trigonal pyramidal, efana ne-NH3, NF3, NCl3, njll. i-tetrahedron evamile, njenge-NH4+ ions.
⑵N ama-athomu athatha isimo se-sp2 sokuhlanganisa, akhe amabhondi amabili ahlangene kanye nebhondi eyodwa, futhi agcine ipheya yamapheya awodwa e-electron, futhi ukulungiselelwa kwe-molecular ku-angular, njenge-Cl—N=O. (I-athomu engu-N yenza ibhondi engu-σ kanye nebhondi engu-π ene-athomu ye-Cl, futhi ipheya yamapheya e-electron eyodwa ku-athomu engu-N yenza i-molecule ibe ngunxantathu.) NO3- ion. Ku-athomu ye-nitric acid, i-athomu engu-N yenza amabhondi amathathu ka-σ anama-athomu ama-O amathathu ngokulandelana, kanye nepheya lama-electron ku-orbital yawo engu-π kanye nama-electron angu-p owodwa wama-athomu ama-O amabili akha ibhondi ephakathi kwama-elekthroni angu-3 ekhishwe ngu-π. Ku-nitrate ion, ibhondi engu-4-center six-electron delocalized big π yakhiwa phakathi kwama-athomu ama-O amathathu kanye ne-athomu engu-N emaphakathi. Lesi sakhiwo senza inombolo ye-oxidation ebonakalayo ye-athomu engu-N ku-nitric acid +5. Ngenxa yokuba khona kwamabhondi angu-π amakhulu, i-nitrate izinzile ngokwanele ngaphansi kwezimo ezijwayelekile. ⑶N i-athomu isebenzisa i-sp hybridization ukuze yakhe ibhondi ephindwe kathathu futhi igcine ipheya yamapheya e-electron eyodwa. Ukucushwa kwama-molecule kunomugqa, njengokwakheka kwe-athomu engu-N ku-molecule ye-N2 ne-CN-.
3. Ukwakhiwa kwamabhondi okuxhumana
Lapho ama-athomu e-nitrogen akha izinto ezilula noma izinhlanganisela, ngokuvamile agcina amapheya e-electron eyodwa, ngakho izinto ezinjalo ezilula noma izinhlanganisela zingasebenza njengabanikeli bama-electron pair ukuze baxhumanise nama-ion ensimbi. Isibonelo, [Cu(NH3)4]2+ noma [Tu(NH2)5]7, njll.
I-oxidation state-Gibbs umdwebo wamandla wamahhala
Kungabonakala futhi kumdwebo wamandla we-nitrogen state-Gibbs ukuthi, ngaphandle kwama-NH4 ion, i-molecule ye-N2 enenombolo ye-oxidation engu-0 isendaweni ephansi kakhulu yejika kumdwebo, okubonisa ukuthi i-N2 i-thermodynamically. izinzile uma kuqhathaniswa nezinhlanganisela ze-nitrogen nezinye izinombolo ze-oxidation.
Amanani enhlanganisela ye-nitrogen ehlukahlukene enezinombolo ze-oxidation phakathi kuka-0 no-+5 wonke angaphezulu komugqa oxhuma amaphuzu amabili i-HNO3 kanye ne-N2 (umugqa onamachashazi kumdwebo), ngakho lezi zinhlanganisela azizinzile ngokwe-thermodynamically futhi zivame ukusabela ngokungalingani. Okuwukuphela komdwebo onenani eliphansi kune-molecule ye-N2 yi-NH4+ ion. [1] Kusuka kumdwebo we-nitrogen state-Gibbs wamandla wamahhala we-nitrogen kanye nesakhiwo se-molecule ye-N2, kungabonakala ukuthi i-elemental N2 ayisebenzi. Kuphela ngaphansi kwezinga lokushisa eliphezulu, ukucindezela okukhulu kanye nokuba khona kwe-catalyst lapho i-nitrogen ingasabela ne-hydrogen ukuze yakhe i-ammonia: Ngaphansi kwezimo zokukhishwa, i-nitrogen ingahlangana nomoya-mpilo ukuze yakhe i-nitric oxide: N2+O2=discharge=2NO I-Nitric oxide ihlangana ngokushesha nomoya-mpilo yakha i-nitrogen dioxide 2NO+O2=2NO2 I-nitrogen dioxide incibilika emanzini ukuze yakhe i-nitric acid, i-nitric oxide 3NO2+H2O=2HNO3+NO Emazweni anamandla athuthukile ngamanzi, lokhu kusabela kuye kwasetshenziswa ukukhiqiza i-nitric acid. I-N2 ihlangana ne-hydrogen ukuze ikhiqize i-ammonia: I-N2+3H2=== (uphawu oluhlehliswayo) 2NH3 N2 ihlangana nezinsimbi ezinamandla aphansi e-ionization futhi ama-nitride azo anamandla e-lattice aphezulu ukuze akhe ama-ionic nitride. Isibonelo: i-N2 ingasabela ngokuqondile nge-metallic lithium ekamelweni lokushisa: 6 Li + N2=== 2 Li3N N2 isabela ngezinsimbi zomhlaba ezine-alkali Mg, Ca, Sr, Ba emazingeni okushisa e-incandescent: 3 Ca + N2=== Ca3N2 N2 can isabela kuphela nge-boron ne-aluminium emazingeni okushisa e-incandescent: 2 B + N2=== 2 BN (inhlanganisela ye-macromolecule) i-N2 ngokuvamile isabela ne-silicon nezinye izakhi zeqembu ezingeni lokushisa elingaphezu kuka-1473K.
I-molecule ye-nitrogen inikela ngamapheya amathathu ama-electron ekuhlanganeni, okungukuthi, ukwakha amabhondi amabili ka-π kanye nesibopho esisodwa sika-σ. Ayifaki isandla ekuhlanganiseni, futhi amandla okuhlanganisa nawokulwa nokubopha acishe acishe, futhi alingana namapheya e-electron eyodwa. Ngenxa yokuthi kunebhondi ephindwe kathathu i-N≡N ku-molecule ye-N2, i-molecule ye-N2 inokuqina okukhulu, futhi kuthatha u-941.69kJ/mol wamandla ukuyibolisa ibe ama-athomu. I-molecule ye-N2 iyisimeme kunawo wonke ama-diatomic molecule awaziwayo, futhi isisindo samangqamuzana esihlobene se-nitrogen singama-28. Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-nitrogen akulula ukuyishisa futhi ayisekeli ukuvutha.
Isikhathi sokuthumela: Jul-23-2024
