1. Yiziphi izici zesakhiwo sekristalu esiyinhloko se-weld?
Impendulo: I-crystallization ye-welding pool iphinde ilandele imithetho eyisisekelo ye-crystallization yensimbi evamile: ukwakheka kwe-crystal nuclei nokukhula kwe-crystal nuclei. Lapho insimbi ewuketshezi echibini lokushisela iqina, izinhlamvu ezincibilikisiwe ezingancibilikisiwe kumpahla engumzali endaweni yokuhlanganisa ngokuvamile ziba ama-crystal nuclei.
Imishini yokushisela i-Xinfa inezici zekhwalithi ephezulu nenani eliphansi. Ukuze uthole imininingwane, sicela uvakashele:Abakhiqizi Bezinto Zokushisela Nabasika - Imboni Yokushisela & Cutting yase-China & Suppliers (xinfatools.com)
Khona-ke i-crystal nucleus imunca ama-athomu oketshezi oluzungezile futhi ikhule. Njengoba ikristalu ikhula ibheke ohlangothini oluphambene nokuqondisa kokushisa, iphinde ikhule kuzo zombili izinkomba. Kodwa-ke, ngenxa yokuvinjwa amakristalu aseduze akhula, ikristalu yakha Amakristalu ane-columnar morphology abizwa ngokuthi amakristalu angamakholomu.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngaphansi kwezimo ezithile, insimbi ewuketshezi echibini elincibilikisiwe izophinde ikhiqize ama-crystal nuclei azenzakalelayo lapho iqina. Uma ukuchithwa kokushisa kwenziwa kuzo zonke izinhlangothi, amakristalu azokhula ngokufanayo abe amakristalu afana nokusanhlamvu kuzo zonke izinhlangothi. Lolu hlobo lwekristalu lubizwa ngokuthi i-Equiaxed crystal. Amakristalu ekholomu avame ukubonakala kuma-welds, futhi ngaphansi kwezimo ezithile, amakristalu e-equiaxed angase avele phakathi nendawo ye-weld.
2. Yiziphi izici zesakhiwo se-crystallization sesibili se-weld?
Impendulo: Isakhiwo sensimbi yokushisela. Ngemuva kwe-crystallization eyinhloko, insimbi iyaqhubeka nokupholisa ngaphansi kwezinga lokushisa lokuguqulwa kwesigaba, futhi isakhiwo se-metallographic sishintsha futhi. Isibonelo, lapho ushisela insimbi ye-carbon ephansi, izinhlamvu ze-crystallization eyinhloko ziyizinhlamvu ze-austenite. Lapho ipholile ngaphansi kwezinga lokushisa lokuguqulwa kwesigaba, i-austenite ibola ibe yi-ferrite ne-pearlite, ngakho-ke isakhiwo ngemva kwe-crystallization yesibili ikakhulukazi i-ferrite kanye nenani elincane le-pearlite.
Nokho, ngenxa yezinga lokupholisa elisheshayo le-weld, okuqukethwe kwe-pearlite okuwumphumela ngokuvamile kukhulu kunokuqukethwe esakhiweni sokulinganisa. Ukusheshisa izinga lokupholisa, ukuphakama kwe-pearlite ephezulu, futhi i-ferrite encane, ubulukhuni namandla nakho kuyathuthukiswa. , kuyilapho ipulasitiki nokuqina kuncipha. Ngemuva kwe-crystallization yesibili, isakhiwo sangempela ekamelweni lokushisa sitholakala. Izakhiwo zokushisela ezitholwe ngezinto ezihlukene zensimbi ngaphansi kwezimo ezihlukene zenqubo yokushisela zihlukile.
3. Ukuthatha insimbi ye-carbon ephansi njengesibonelo ukuze uchaze ukuthi yisiphi isakhiwo esitholakala ngemva kwe-crystallization yesibili yensimbi ye-weld?
Impendulo: Ukuthatha insimbi yepulasitiki ephansi njengesibonelo, isakhiwo esiyinhloko se-crystallization i-austenite, futhi inqubo yokuguqulwa kwesigaba esiqinile sensimbi ye-weld ibizwa ngokuthi i-crystallization yesibili yensimbi ye-weld. I-microstructure ye-crystallization yesibili i-ferrite ne-pearlite.
Ekwakheni kokulingana kwensimbi ephansi ye-carbon, okuqukethwe kwekhabhoni yensimbi yokushisela kuphansi kakhulu, futhi ukwakheka kwayo kuyi-coarse columnar ferrite kanye nenani elincane le-pearlite. Ngenxa yezinga eliphezulu lokupholisa le-weld, i-ferrite ayikwazi ukuncishiswa ngokuphelele ngokomdwebo wesigaba se-iron-carbon. Ngenxa yalokho, okuqukethwe kwe-pearlite ngokuvamile kukhulu kunalokho esakhiweni esibushelelezi. Izinga lokupholisa eliphezulu lizophinde licwenge okusanhlamvu futhi likhulise ubulukhuni namandla ensimbi. Ngenxa yokunciphisa i-ferrite nokwanda kwe-pearlite, ubulukhuni buzophinde bukhule, kuyilapho i-plasticity izokwehla.
Ngakho-ke, isakhiwo sokugcina se-weld sinqunywa ukwakheka kwensimbi kanye nezimo zokupholisa. Ngenxa yezici zenqubo yokushisela, isakhiwo sensimbi ye-weld singcono, ngakho-ke insimbi ye-weld inezakhiwo ezingcono zesakhiwo kunombuso we-cast.
4. Yiziphi izici ze-welding yensimbi engafani?
Impendulo: 1) Izici ze-welding yensimbi ehlukile ikakhulukazi zilele umehluko osobala ekubunjweni kwe-alloy yensimbi efakiwe kanye ne-weld. Ngokuma kwe-weld, ubukhulu bensimbi eyisisekelo, i-electrode coating noma i-flux, kanye nohlobo lwegesi yokuzivikela, ukuncibilika kwe-welding kuzoshintsha. Ukuziphatha kwephuli nakho akuhambisani,
Ngakho-ke, inani lokuncibilika kwesisekelo sensimbi nalo lihlukile, futhi umphumela wokuxubana wokuxutshwa kwezingxenye zamakhemikhali zensimbi ebekiwe kanye nendawo yokuncibilika kwesisekelo sensimbi nakho kuzoshintsha. Kuyabonakala ukuthi amajoyinti ashiselwe ensimbi ahlukene ayahluka ngokwakhiwa kwamakhemikhali angalingani endaweni. I-degree ayincikile kuphela ekubunjweni kokuqala kwe-weldment kanye ne-filler material, kodwa futhi iyahlukahluka ngezinqubo ezahlukene zokushisela.
2) I-inhomogeneity yesakhiwo. Ngemva kokubhekana nomjikelezo wokushisa we-welding, izakhiwo ze-metallographic ezihlukene zizovela endaweni ngayinye yejoyinti elihlanganisiwe, elihlobene nokwakheka kwamakhemikhali ensimbi eyisisekelo kanye nezinto zokugcwalisa, indlela ye-welding, izinga le-welding, inqubo ye-welding kanye nokwelashwa kokushisa.
3) Ukungafani kokusebenza. Ngenxa yokwakheka kwamakhemikhali ahlukene kanye nesakhiwo sensimbi sokuhlangana, izakhiwo zemishini zejoyinti zihlukile. Amandla, ubulukhuni, ipulasitiki, ukuqina, njll. kwendawo ngayinye eduze kwelunga kuhluke kakhulu. Ku-weld Amanani womthelela wezindawo ezithinteke ekushiseni ezinhlangothini zombili ahluke ngisho izikhathi eziningana, futhi umkhawulo wokukhasa namandla ahlala njalo emazingeni okushisa aphezulu nakho kuzohluka kakhulu kuye ngokuthi ukwakheka kanye nesakhiwo.
4) Ukungafani kokusatshalaliswa kwenkundla yengcindezi. Ukusatshalaliswa kwengcindezi eyinsalela kumajoyinti ensimbi ahlukene akufani. Lokhu ikakhulukazi kunqunywa ipulasitiki ehlukene yendawo ngayinye yokuhlangana. Ngaphezu kwalokho, umehluko ku-thermal conductivity yezinto zokwakha kuzodala izinguquko endaweni yokushisa yomjikelezo wokushisa we-welding. Izinto ezinjengomehluko kuma-coefficients omugqa wokunweba ezifundeni ezihlukahlukene ziyizizathu zokusabalalisa okungalingani kwendawo yokucindezeleka.
5. Yiziphi izimiso zokukhetha izinto zokushisela lapho ushisela izinsimbi ezingafani?
Impendulo: Izimiso zokukhetha zezinto ezihlukene zokushisela insimbi ikakhulukazi zihlanganisa amaphuzu amane alandelayo:
I-1) Ngokwesisekelo sokuthi ukuhlanganiswa okuhlanganisiwe akukhiqizi imifantu nezinye iziphambeko, uma amandla kanye ne-plasticity yensimbi ye-weld ayikwazi ukucatshangelwa, izinto zokuthungatha nge-plasticity engcono kufanele zikhethwe.
I-2) Uma izakhiwo zensimbi ezishiselayo zezinto ezihlukene zokushisela insimbi zihlangabezana nenye yezinto ezimbili eziyisisekelo, kubhekwa njengokuhlangabezana nezidingo zobuchwepheshe.
3) Izinto zokushisela kufanele zibe nokusebenza okuhle kwenqubo futhi umthungo wokushisela kufanele ube muhle ngesimo. Izinto zokushisela ziyonga futhi kulula ukuzithenga.
6. Kuyini ukushisela kwensimbi ye-pearlitic nensimbi ye-austenitic?
Impendulo: Insimbi ye-Pearlitic nensimbi ye-austenitic yizinhlobo ezimbili zensimbi ezinezakhiwo ezahlukene kanye nezingoma. Ngakho-ke, lapho lezi zinhlobo ezimbili zensimbi zishiselwa ndawonye, insimbi yokushisela yakhiwa ukuhlanganiswa kwezinhlobo ezimbili ezihlukene zezinsimbi eziyisisekelo nezinto zokugcwalisa. Lokhu kuphakamisa imibuzo elandelayo ngokushisela kwalezi zinhlobo ezimbili zensimbi:
1) Ukwehliswa kwe-weld. Njengoba insimbi ye-pearlitic iqukethe izakhi zegolide eziphansi, inomthelela wokunciphisa i-alloy yayo yonke insimbi yokushisela. Ngenxa yalo mphumela wokuhlanjululwa kwensimbi ye-pearlitic, okuqukethwe kwezakhi ze-austenite-forming ku-weld kuyancipha. Ngenxa yalokho, ku-weld, Isakhiwo se-martensite singase sivele, ngaleyo ndlela siwohloke ikhwalithi ye-weld ehlanganisiwe futhi ibangele nokuqhekeka.
2) Ukwakhiwa kwesendlalelo eseqile. Ngaphansi kwesenzo somjikelezo wokushisa wokushisela, izinga lokuxutshwa kwesisekelo esincibilikisiwe sensimbi nensimbi yokugcwalisa lihlukile emaphethelweni echibi elincibilikisiwe. Emaphethelweni echibi elincibilikisiwe, izinga lokushisa lensimbi ewuketshezi liphansi, i-fluidity impofu, futhi isikhathi sokuhlala esimweni se-liquid sifushane. Ngenxa yomehluko omkhulu ekwakhekeni kwamakhemikhali phakathi kwensimbi ye-pearlitic nensimbi ye-austenitic, isisekelo sensimbi encibilikisiwe nensimbi yokugcwalisa ayikwazi ukuhlanganiswa kahle emaphethelweni echibi elincibilikisiwe ohlangothini lwe-pearlitic. Ngenxa yalokho, ku-weld ohlangothini lwensimbi ye-pearlitic, i-pearlitic base metal Isilinganiso sikhulu, futhi esiseduze nomugqa wokuhlanganisa, sikhulu isilinganiso sezinto eziyisisekelo. Lokhu kwakha isendlalelo soguquko esinezinhlobonhlobo zangaphakathi zensimbi yokushisela.
3) Yakha isendlalelo sokusabalalisa endaweni yokuhlanganisa. Ensimbi yokushisela eyakhiwe ngalezi zinhlobo ezimbili zezinsimbi, njengoba insimbi ye-pearlitic inokuqukethwe kwekhabhoni ephezulu kodwa izakhi ze-alloying ephakeme kodwa izakhi ezincane ze-alloying, kuyilapho insimbi ye-austenitic inomphumela ophambene, ngakho-ke nhlangothi zombili zohlangothi lwensimbi ye-pearlitic ye-fusion zone A. kwakheka umehluko wokuhlushwa phakathi kwe-carbon ne-carbide-forming elements. Lapho i-joint isetshenziswa ekushiseni okungaphezu kuka-350-400 degrees isikhathi eside, kuyoba nokusakazwa okusobala kwekhabhoni endaweni yokuhlanganisa, okungukuthi, ukusuka ohlangothini lwensimbi ye-pearlite ngokusebenzisa indawo yokuhlanganisa kuya endaweni yokushisela i-austenite. ama-seams asakazeka. Ngenxa yalokhu, kwakheka ungqimba oluthambile lwe-decarburized esisekelweni sensimbi ye-pearlitic eduze nendawo yokuhlanganisa, futhi ungqimba owenziwe nge-carburized oluhambisana ne-decarburization luyakhiqizwa ohlangothini lwe-austenitic weld.
I-4) Njengoba izici ezibonakalayo zensimbi ye-pearlitic nensimbi ye-austenitic zihluke kakhulu, futhi ukwakheka kwe-weld nakho kuhluke kakhulu, lolu hlobo lokuhlangana alukwazi ukuqeda ukucindezeleka kwe-welding ngokwelashwa okushisa, futhi kungabangela kuphela ukusabalalisa kabusha ukucindezeleka. Ihluke kakhulu ekushiseleni insimbi efanayo.
5) Ukuqhekeka kwephuzile. Ngesikhathi senqubo ye-crystallization ye-welding pool encibilikisiwe yalolu hlobo lwensimbi engafani, kukhona kokubili ukwakheka kwe-austenite kanye nesakhiwo se-ferrite. Okubili kusondelene, futhi igesi ingasakazeka, ukuze i-hydrogen ehlakazekile iqongelela futhi ibangele ukuqhekeka okubambezelekile.
25. Yiziphi izici okufanele zicatshangelwe lapho kukhethwa indlela ye-welding yensimbi yokulungisa?
Impendulo: Lapho ukhetha indlela yokushisela insimbi empunga, lezi zinto ezilandelayo kufanele zibhekwe:
1) Isimo sokubunjwa okufanele sishiselwe, njengokwakheka kwamakhemikhali, ukwakheka kanye nezakhiwo zemishini zokubunjwa, ubukhulu, ukujiya kanye nobunkimbinkimbi besakhiwo sokubunjwa.
2) Ukukhubazeka kwezingxenye ze-cast. Ngaphambi kwe-welding, kufanele uqonde uhlobo lwesici (imifantu, ukungabi khona kwenyama, ukugqoka, ama-pores, ama-blister, ukuthululela okwanele, njll.), ubukhulu besici, ukuqina kwendawo, imbangela yesici, njll.
I-3) Izidingo zekhwalithi zangemuva kwe-weld ezifana nezakhiwo zemishini kanye nezakhiwo zokucubungula zejoyinti le-post-weld. Qonda izidingo ezinjengombala we-weld nokusebenza kokuvala.
4) Izimo zemishini yasendaweni kanye nomnotho. Ngaphansi kwesimo sokuqinisekisa izidingo zekhwalithi yangemva kokushisela, inhloso eyisisekelo kakhulu yokulungiswa kokushisela kokusakazwa ukusebenzisa indlela elula, imishini yokushisela evamile kanye nemishini yokucubungula, kanye nezindleko eziphansi zokuzuza izinzuzo ezinkulu zezomnotho.
7. Yiziphi izinyathelo zokuvimbela imifantu ngesikhathi sokulungisa ukushisela kwensimbi ekhonjiwe?
Impendulo: (1) Shisisa ngaphambi kokushisela bese upholisa kancane ngemva kokushisela. Ukushisa i-weldment ngokuphelele noma ingxenye ngaphambi kokushisela nokupholisa kancane ngemva kokushisela akukwazi nje ukunciphisa ukuthambekela kwe-weld ukuba ibe mhlophe, kodwa futhi kunciphise ukucindezeleka kokushisela futhi kuvimbele ukuqhekeka kwe-weldment. .
(2) Sebenzisa i-arc cold welding ukuze unciphise ukucindezelwa kokushisela, futhi ukhethe izinto zokushisela ngepulasitiki enhle, njenge-nickel, ithusi, i-nickel-copper, insimbi ephezulu ye-vanadium, njll. njengensimbi yokugcwalisa, ukuze insimbi yokushisela ikwazi ukukhulula ukucindezeleka ngepulasitiki. deformation futhi uvimbele imifantu. , kusetshenziswa izinduku zokushisela ezinobubanzi obuncane, zamanje ezincane, i-welding ngezikhathi ezithile (i-welding intermittent), izindlela zokushisela ezihlakazekile (jump welding) zinganciphisa umehluko wokushisa phakathi kwe-weld kanye nesisekelo sensimbi futhi kunciphise ukucindezeleka kokushisela, okungaqedwa ngokushaya i-weld. . ukucindezeleka futhi uvimbele imifantu.
(3) Ezinye izinyathelo zihlanganisa ukulungisa ukwakheka kwamakhemikhali ensimbi yokushisela ukuze kuncishiswe izinga lokushisa eliqinile; ukwengeza izakhi zomhlaba ezingavamile ukuthuthukisa i-desulfurization kanye ne-dephosphorization reactions metallurgical of the weld; kanye nokwengeza izakhi ezinamandla zokucwenga okusanhlamvu ukwenza ukushisela kucwebezele. Ukuhluzwa okusanhlamvu.
Kwezinye izimo, ukushisa kusetshenziselwa ukunciphisa ukucindezeleka endaweni yokulungisa i-welding, okungase futhi kuvimbele ngokuphumelelayo ukuvela kwemifantu.
8. Kuyini ukugxila ekucindezelekeni? Yiziphi izici ezibangela ukugxila ekucindezelekeni?
Impendulo: Ngenxa yokuma kwe-weld kanye nezici ze-weld, ukungaqhubeki ekubunjweni okuhlangene kubonakala. Uma ilayishwa, idala ukusatshalaliswa okungalingani kokusebenza kwengcindezi ejoyintini elishiselwe, okwenza ingcindezi yendawo ephakeme ibe ngu-σmax ibe phezulu kune-avareji yengcindezi engu-σm. Ngaphezu kwalokho, lokhu ukugxila ekucindezelekeni. Kunezizathu eziningi zokugxilisa ingcindezi emajoyini ashiselwe, ezibaluleke kakhulu kuzo yilezi:
(1) Ukukhubazeka kwezinqubo ezikhiqizwa ku-weld, njengama-air inlets, ama-slag inclusions, ukuqhekeka nokungena okungaphelele, njll. Phakathi kwabo, ukuhlushwa kokucindezeleka okubangelwa imifantu ye-welding kanye nokungena okungaphelele kuyingozi kakhulu.
(2) Ukuma kwe-weld okungenangqondo, njengokuqiniswa kwe-butt weld kukhulu kakhulu, i-weld toe ye-fillet weld iphezulu kakhulu, njll.
Umklamo womgwaqo ongenangqondo. Isibonelo, isikhombimsebenzisi somgwaqo sinezinguquko ezingazelelwe, kanye nokusetshenziswa kwamaphaneli ahlanganisiwe ukuxhuma emgwaqweni. Isakhiwo sokushisela esingenangqondo singaphinda sibangele ukugxiliswa kwengcindezi, njengamajoyinti amise okwe-T anamashisela angaphambili kwesitolo kuphela.
9. Kuyini ukulimala kwepulasitiki futhi kunamuphi umonakalo?
Impendulo: Ukulimala kwepulasitiki kuhlanganisa ukungazinzi kwepulasitiki (isivuno noma ukuguqulwa okuphawulekayo kwepulasitiki) nokuphuka kwepulasitiki (ukuphuka komphetho noma ukuphuka kwe-ductile). Inqubo iwukuthi isakhiwo esishiselwe kuqala sithola i-elastic deformation → isivuno → i-plastic deformation (ukungazinzi kwepulasitiki) ngaphansi kwesenzo somthwalo. ) → khiqiza imifantu emincane noma i-micro void → yakha imifantu emikhulu → yande ngendlela engazinzile → ukuphuka.
Uma kuqhathaniswa nokuphuka kwe-brittle, ukulimala kwepulasitiki akuyingozi kangako, ikakhulukazi lezi zinhlobo ezilandelayo:
(1) Ukuguqulwa kwepulasitiki okungalungiseki kwenzeka ngemva kokuvunwa, okubangela ukuba izakhiwo ezishiselwe ezinezidingo zosayizi omkhulu zilahlwe.
(2) Ukwehluleka kwemikhumbi yokucindezela eyenziwe ngokuqina okuphezulu, izinto ezisezingeni eliphansi azilawulwa ukuqina kokuphuka kwento, kodwa kubangelwa ukuhluleka kokungazinzi kwepulasitiki ngenxa yamandla anganele.
Umphumela wokugcina wokulimala kwepulasitiki ukuthi isakhiwo esishiselwe sihluleka noma kwenzeka ingozi eyinhlekelele, ethinta ukukhiqizwa kwebhizinisi, kubangela ukulimala okungadingekile, futhi kuthinte kakhulu ukuthuthukiswa komnotho wezwe.
10. Kuyini ukuphuka kwe-brittle futhi kunamuphi umonakalo?
Impendulo: Ngokuvamile i-brittle fracture ibhekisela ekuhlukaneni kwe-dissociation fracture (okuhlanganisa ukuhlukana kwe-quasi-dissociation) eduze kwendiza ethile yekristalu kanye nomngcele wokusanhlamvu (i-intergranular) ukuphuka.
I-cleavage fracture iwukuphuka okwakhiwa ngokuhlukana eduze kwendiza ethile ye-crystallographic ngaphakathi kwekristalu. Ukuphuka kwe-intragranular. Ngaphansi kwezimo ezithile, njengezinga lokushisa eliphansi, izinga eliphezulu lokucindezeleka kanye nokugxila okukhulu kokucindezeleka, ukuhlukana nokuphuka kuzokwenzeka ezintweni zensimbi lapho ukucindezeleka kufinyelela inani elithile.
Kunamamodeli amaningi okwenziwa kokuqhekeka kwe-cleavage, iningi lawo elihlobene ne-dislocation theory. Ngokuvamile kukholakala ukuthi lapho inqubo ye-plastic deformation yezinto ezibonakalayo ivinjelwa kakhulu, impahla ayikwazi ukuzivumelanisa nokucindezeleka kwangaphandle ngokuguqulwa kodwa ngokuhlukana, okuholela ekuqhekekeni kwe-cleavage.
Okufakiwe, i-brittle precipitates nokunye ukukhubazeka ezinsimbi nakho kunomthelela obalulekile ekuveleni kokuqhekeka kwe-cleavage.
I-Brittle fracture ngokuvamile ivela lapho ingcindezi ingekho ngaphezu komklamo ovunyelwe ukucindezeleka kwesakhiwo futhi kungekho ukuguqulwa okuphawulekayo kwepulasitiki, futhi kudlulele kuso sonke isakhiwo. Inesimo sokubhujiswa kungazelelwe futhi kunzima ukuyibona nokuvimbela kusenesikhathi, ngakho ngokuvamile ibangela ukulimala komuntu siqu. kanye nomonakalo omkhulu empahleni.
11. Iyiphi indima edlalwa imifantu yokushisela ekuqhekekeni kwesakhiwo?
Impendulo: Kuwo wonke amaphutha, imifantu iyona eyingozi kakhulu. Ngaphansi kwesenzo somthwalo wangaphandle, inani elincane le-deformation yepulasitiki lizokwenzeka eduze kwe-crack front, futhi ngesikhathi esifanayo kuyoba nenani elithile lokuvuleka kokuhamba endaweni ethiphu, okubangela ukuthi ukuqhekeka kuthuthuke kancane;
Lapho umthwalo wangaphandle ukhuphuka ube inani elithile elibalulekile, ukuqhekeka kuzokhula ngesivinini esikhulu. Ngalesi sikhathi, uma ukuqhekeka kutholakala endaweni yokucindezeleka okukhulu, ngokuvamile kuzobangela ukuphuka okuphukayo kwesakhiwo sonke. Uma i-crack ekhulayo ingena endaweni enengcindezi ephansi, Idumela linamandla anele okusekela ukunwetshwa okuqhubekayo kokuqhekeka, noma i-crack ingena entweni enokuqina okungcono (noma into efanayo kodwa enezinga lokushisa eliphakeme kanye nokuqina okwenyukayo) futhi ithole. ukumelana okukhulu futhi akukwazi ukuqhubeka nokukhula. Ngalesi sikhathi, ingozi yokuqhekeka iyancipha ngokufanele.
12. Yisiphi isizathu esenza ukuba izakhiwo ezishiselwe zithambekele ekuqhekekeni okuqinile?
Impendulo: Izizathu zokuphuka zingafingqwa zibe yizici ezintathu:
(1) Ukuntuleka kobuntu bezinto ezibonakalayo
Ikakhulukazi ekugcineni kwenotshi, ikhono lokuguga elincanyana lezinto ezibonakalayo alilungile. Ukuhluleka kwe-low-stress brittle failure ngokuvamile kwenzeka emazingeni okushisa aphansi, futhi njengoba izinga lokushisa lincipha, ukuqina kwento kuncipha kakhulu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngokuthuthukiswa kwensimbi ephansi ye-alloy high-strength, inkomba yamandla iyaqhubeka nokukhula, kuyilapho i-plasticity nokuqina kuye kuncipha. Ezimweni eziningi, i-brittle fracture iqala endaweni yokushisela, ngakho-ke ukuqina okwanele kwendawo yokushisela kanye nendawo ethinteke ukushisa ngokuvamile kuyimbangela eyinhloko yokuphuka kwe-brittle brittle stress.
(2) Kukhona amaphutha njengama-micro cracks
Ukuphuka njalo kuqala kusukela kusici, futhi imifantu yikona okuyingozi kakhulu. Ukushisela kuyimbangela eyinhloko yokuqhekeka. Nakuba imifantu ingalawulwa ngokuyisisekelo ngokuthuthukiswa kobuchwepheshe be-welding, kusenzima ukugwema ngokuphelele imifantu.
(3) Izinga elithile lokucindezeleka
Ukwakheka okungalungile kanye nezinqubo zokukhiqiza ezingezinhle yizona zimbangela eziyinhloko zokucindezelwa kwensalela yokushisela. Ngakho-ke, ezakhiweni ezishiselwe, ngaphezu kokucindezeleka kokusebenza, ukucindezeleka okusalayo kwe-welding kanye nokugxila kokucindezeleka, kanye nokucindezeleka okwengeziwe okubangelwa ukuhlangana okungalungile, kufanele kucatshangelwe.
13. Yiziphi izici eziyinhloko okufanele zicatshangelwe lapho uklama izakhiwo ezishiselwe?
Impendulo: Izinto ezibalulekile okufanele zicatshangelwe yilezi ezilandelayo:
I-1) Inhlanganisela ehlanganisiwe kufanele iqinisekise ukucindezeleka okwanele nokuqina ukuze kuqinisekiswe impilo ende yesevisi eyanele;
2) Cabangela indawo yokusebenza nezimo zokusebenza zejoyinti elishiselwe, njengezinga lokushisa, ukugqwala, ukudlidliza, ukukhathala, njll.;
I-3) Ezingxenyeni ezinkulu zesakhiwo, umsebenzi wokushisa ngaphambi kokushisa kanye nokwelashwa kokushisa ngemuva kokushisa kufanele kuncishiswe ngangokunokwenzeka;
4) Izingxenye ezishiselwe azisadingi noma zidinga kuphela inani elincane lokucubungula ngomshini;
5) Umsebenzi wokushisela ungancishiswa ube ubuncane;
6) Nciphisa ukuguqulwa nokucindezeleka kwesakhiwo esishiselwe;
7) Kulula ukwakha nokudala izimo ezinhle zokusebenza zokwakha;
8) Sebenzisa ubuchwepheshe obusha kanye nokushisela ngemishini nokuzenzakalelayo ngangokunokwenzeka ukuthuthukisa ukukhiqiza kwezabasebenzi; 9) Ama-welds kulula ukuwahlola ukuze kuqinisekiswe ikhwalithi ehlangene.
14. Sicela uchaze izimo eziyisisekelo zokusika igesi. Ingabe ukusika igesi ye-oksijini-acetylene kungasetshenziselwa ithusi? Kungani?
Impendulo: Izimo eziyisisekelo zokusika igesi yilezi:
(1) Indawo yokuthungela yensimbi kufanele ibe ngaphansi kunendawo encibilikayo yensimbi.
(2) Indawo yokuncibilika ye-oxide yensimbi kufanele ibe ngaphansi kunephuzu lokuncibilika lensimbi ngokwayo.
(3) Lapho insimbi ivutha umoya-mpilo, kumelwe ikwazi ukukhipha ukushisa okukhulu.
(4) I-conductivity eshisayo yensimbi kufanele ibe encane.
Ukusika igesi yomlilo we-oksijeni-acetylene ayikwazi ukusetshenziswa ethusi elibomvu, ngoba i-copper oxide (CuO) ikhiqiza ukushisa okuncane kakhulu, futhi ukuqhutshwa kwayo okushisayo kuhle kakhulu (ukushisa akukwazi ukugxila eduze kwe-incision), ngakho-ke ukusika kwegesi akunakwenzeka.
Isikhathi sokuthumela: Nov-06-2023
